步進電機(ji)和直(zhi)流電機是兩種廣泛應用(yong)(yong)的(de)驅(qu)動(dong)電機，兩種驅(qu)動(dong)電機在(zai)結(jie)構、規(gui)格、性(xing)能、輸出轉速、驅(qu)動(dong)原理以及應用(yong)(yong)領域也不一樣(yang)，下面(mian)詳(xiang)細介(jie)紹兩步(bu)進(jin)電機和直(zhi)流電機的(de)驅(qu)動(dong)。

步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)概述：步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)又稱為(wei)脈沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，基于(yu)最基本的電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)原(yuan)理，它(ta)是(shi)一種可(ke)以自(zi)由回轉(zhuan)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)，其動作原(yuan)理是(shi)依(yi)靠氣隙磁(ci)導(dao)的變化(hua)來產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)轉(zhuan)矩。

步進電機(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)原理(li)：步進電機(ji)通過細分驅動(dong)(dong)器的驅動(dong)(dong)，其(qi)步距(ju)角變小了，如(ru)驅動(dong)(dong)器工作在(zai)10細分狀(zhuang)態時，其步距角只為電機固有步距角的(de)十(shi)分之(zhi)一(yi)，也就是(shi)說：當(dang)驅動器工作不(bu)在細分的(de)整步狀(zhuang)態時，控制系統每發一(yi)個步進(jin)脈沖，電機轉(zhuan)動1.8°；而用細分(fen)驅(qu)動器工作在10細(xi)分(fen)狀態時，電機只轉動了(le)0.18°，這就是細分的基本概(gai)念。細分功(gong)能完全是由驅動器靠精確控制電(dian)機(ji)的相電(dian)流所產生，與(yu)電(dian)機(ji)無關(guan)。

步進電機的(de)(de)細(xi)分(fen)技(ji)(ji)術實(shi)質上是一種(zhong)電子阻尼(ni)技(ji)(ji)術，其主要(yao)目的(de)(de)是減弱(ruo)或消除步進電機的(de)(de)低頻振動，提(ti)高電機的(de)(de)運(yun)轉(zhuan)精度只(zhi)是細(xi)分(fen)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)一個(ge)附帶功(gong)能(neng)。

步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)細分(fen)控制(zhi)，從本(ben)質上講是(shi)通過對步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)勵磁(ci)繞組中電(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)，使(shi)步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)內部的(de)(de)(de)合(he)成磁(ci)場為均勻的(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)形旋轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場，從而實現步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)步距角的(de)(de)(de)細分(fen)，一般情況下，合(he)成磁(ci)場矢量的(de)(de)(de)幅(fu)值(zhi)決定了步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)旋轉(zhuan)力矩(ju)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小，相鄰兩(liang)合(he)成磁(ci)場矢量之間的(de)(de)(de)夾角大(da)(da)小決定了步距角的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小，步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)半步工作(zuo)方式就蘊涵了細分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)原(yuan)理。

步(bu)進電(dian)機應用(yong)(yong)場(chang)景：步(bu)進電(dian)機根(gen)據使用(yong)(yong)需(xu)求(qiu)，采用(yong)(yong)定(ding)制(zhi)技術參數開發服務，廣泛(fan)應用(yong)(yong)在機械(xie)設備(bei)、自(zi)動(dong)工業(ye)化、家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)器(qi)、機器(qi)人驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)、汽車驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)、精密儀器(qi)、自(zi)動(dong)辦(ban)公(gong)設備(bei)等行(xing)業(ye)。

直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)概(gai)述：直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是指能(neng)將直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換成機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)（直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)）或(huo)將機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)轉換成直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)（直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)）的旋(xuan)轉電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，是能(neng)實現直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)和(he)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)互相轉換的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)原理：直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)驅(qu)動(dong)原理就是(shi)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)線圈中感應(ying)的(de)交變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)，靠換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器配(pei)合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的(de)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)作用，使(shi)之從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷端引出時變為直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)的(de)原理。感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)按右(you)手定(ding)則(ze)確(que)(que)定(ding)（磁感線指(zhi)向(xiang)手心(xin)，大(da)拇指(zhi)指(zhi)向(xiang)導體運動(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)，其(qi)他(ta)四指(zhi)的(de)指(zhi)向(xiang)就是(shi)導體中感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)）。導體受力(li)(li)的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)用左手定(ding)則(ze)確(que)(que)定(ding)。這一(yi)(yi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁力(li)(li)形成了作用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，這個(ge)力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)在旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)里稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)是(shi)逆時針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)方(fang)向(xiang)，企圖使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)逆時針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)方(fang)向(xiang)轉(zhuan)動(dong)。如(ru)果此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)能夠克服電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)上(shang)的(de)阻轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)（例如(ru)由摩擦引起的(de)阻轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)以及其(qi)它負載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)就能按逆時針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)方(fang)向(xiang)旋轉(zhuan)起來。

直流電機按照結構可分為直流有刷電機、直流無刷電機、空心杯電機，安裝了減速齒輪箱的直流電機稱為直流減速電機或者直流行星減速齒輪箱；直流電機廣泛應用機械設備、機器人、汽車驅動、辦公設備、通訊設備、紡織機械等領域。