有刷直流電動機分類

有刷直(zhi)流電動機是一種(zhong)運用廣泛的(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)傳動設備(bei)(bei)(bei)，在智(zhi)能家(jia)居，家(jia)用電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，汽車傳動，工(gong)業(ye)自動化，機(ji)器(qi)人設備(bei)(bei)(bei)，電(dian)(dian)子(zi)產品(pin)，醫療器(qi)械設備(bei)(bei)(bei)等領域；有刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)定子(zi)上安(an)裝(zhuang)有固定的(de)主磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極和電(dian)(dian)刷，轉子(zi)上安(an)裝(zhuang)有電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)繞(rao)組和換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)。直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源的(de)電(dian)(dian)能通過電(dian)(dian)刷和換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)進(jin)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)繞(rao)組，產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)產生(sheng)的(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場與主磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場相互作用產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)轉矩，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)旋轉帶動負載。由于電(dian)(dian)刷和換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)的(de)存(cun)在，有刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)結構(gou)復雜，可靠性差，故(gu)障多，維護工(gong)作量大，壽命短，換(huan)向(xiang)火(huo)花(hua)易(yi)產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)干擾。有刷直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)按(an)照(zhao)結構(gou)類型、應(ying)用場景分為如下(xia)幾種(zhong)產品(pin)：

1.有(you)刷(shua)盤(pan)式繞(rao)組電機。有(you)刷(shua)盤(pan)式繞(rao)組電機以稀土材(cai)料(liao)粘結在一(yi)缸體上，漆包(bao)銅(tong)線繞(rao)成(cheng)的(de)盤(pan)式繞(rao)組置(zhi)于缸體之內(nei)，構成(cheng)轉(zhuan)子。電機相位(wei)靠機械(xie)式換(huan)(huan)相器調(diao)整。機械(xie)式換(huan)(huan)相器是(shi)靠固定的(de)炭制電刷(shua)與(yu)轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)銅(tong)制換(huan)(huan)相面(mian)摩(mo)擦來(lai)調(diao)整電壓相位(wei)的(de)。這種電機在使用中電刷(shua)一(yi)直在磨損，電機的(de)壽命很難超過2000h。同時(shi)，由于(yu)電機(ji)的轉速(su)(su)較高，必須采(cai)取兩(liang)級齒輪(lun)減速(su)(su)，這就(jiu)帶來了兩(liang)個問題，一是噪聲較大(da)，二(er)是效率(lv)損失大(da)，經減速(su)(su)后(hou)的電機(ji)額定效率(lv)往往只(zhi)能(neng)達到68%～72%。而電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車所(suo)用(yong)的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的容量是有(you)限(xian)的，一般(ban)就(jiu)是36V/12Ah的容(rong)量(liang)，如(ru)電(dian)機效率不高，將(jiang)使(shi)電(dian)耗增加，影響(xiang)續行里程。

2.有(you)刷(shua)印(yin)(yin)制(zhi)繞組(zu)(zu)電機。有(you)刷(shua)印(yin)(yin)制(zhi)繞組(zu)(zu)電機以印(yin)(yin)制(zhi)銅箔板作為繞組(zu)(zu)，電機重量減(jian)輕了(le)。由于這種電機全部是在自動生(sheng)(sheng)產線上生(sheng)(sheng)產的，工藝有(you)可(ke)靠，從而使電機的壽命提高到(dao)3000h，噪聲大幅度(du)下降，效率提高到72%～76%。但這種電機(ji)有(you)(you)“嗡(weng)嗡(weng)”的高頻(pin)噪聲，靠齒輪(lun)減速后效率仍不理想，有(you)(you)刷(shua)換相器的使(shi)用使(shi)電機(ji)壽命無法再提高。

3.有刷壓制繞組(zu)電機(ji)。這種電機(ji)通(tong)過將繞制好的銅線壓制成一種新型繞組(zu)，其效(xiao)率可提(ti)高到74%～78%。這種電(dian)機(ji)仍(reng)然被較(jiao)多電(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車廠家采用，但其存(cun)在的(de)效率、噪(zao)聲、壽命缺(que)陷仍(reng)然是必須(xu)改進(jin)的(de)問(wen)題。

4.輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)轂式有(you)齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)傳動(dong)(dong)(dong)的有(you)刷(shua)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，由盤形(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞有(you)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)減(jian)速(su)兼傳動(dong)(dong)(dong)系統兩部分構(gou)成。盤形(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞是(shi)高速(su)轉動(dong)(dong)(dong)的轉子。輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)毅(yi)式有(you)齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)傳動(dong)(dong)(dong)的有(you)刷(shua)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的構(gou)造(zao)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的轉矩(ju)通過軸傳遞給級齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)，經齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)減(jian)速(su)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)轂外殼轉動(dong)(dong)(dong)；有(you)刷(shua)有(you)齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)轂電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的盤形(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞是(shi)薄片形(xing)，體(ti)積很(hen)小，重量特輕，安(an)裝方(fang)便。繞組編制好之后，用(yong)樹脂加(jia)玻璃(li)纖維放進(jin)模內熱壓成型，在運(yun)行中由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)和(he)換向器摩擦，又有(you)齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)嚙合減(jian)速(su)，所以(yi)有(you)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的運(yun)行聲音(yin)比無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)聲音(yin)要大。

5.微(wei)(wei)型永磁體(ti)(ti)(ti)有(you)刷直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，這(zhe)種微(wei)(wei)型有(you)刷直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)常見的(de)(de)有(you)刷電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)永磁體(ti)(ti)(ti)產生磁場，微(wei)(wei)型電(dian)機(ji)(ji)通(tong)的(de)(de)永磁體(ti)(ti)(ti)比繞組定(ding)子具有(you)更高(gao)的(de)(de)效益，不過永磁體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)磁性會(hui)隨著時(shi)間衰退（永磁體(ti)(ti)(ti)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)名(ming)字，并不是(shi)(shi)真正的(de)(de)永磁）。有(you)的(de)(de)永磁體(ti)(ti)(ti)微(wei)(wei)型直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)還會(hui)加(jia)上繞組，防止磁性丟(diu)失(shi)。由于定(ding)子磁場的(de)(de)恒定(ding)的(de)(de)，所以永磁體(ti)(ti)(ti)有(you)刷直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)對電(dian)壓變化響應快。

6.并激(ji)(ji)有刷(shua)直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，微型電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)勵磁(ci)線圈與(yu)電(dian)(dian)樞并聯，勵磁(ci)線圈中的(de)電(dian)(dian)流與(yu)電(dian)(dian)樞中的(de)電(dian)(dian)流相互獨立(li)。因(yin)此，這類電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)具有卓越的(de)速(su)度控制能力，并激(ji)(ji)有刷(shua)直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)不會出現(xian)磁(ci)性丟失的(de)現(xian)象(xiang)，因(yin)此比永磁(ci)體電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)更加可(ke)靠。

7.串激(ji)有刷直(zhi)流(liu)電機，即勵磁線圈與(yu)電樞串聯，定子和電樞中的(de)(de)電流(liu)均隨負(fu)載的(de)(de)增加而增加，因此(ci)這(zhe)類(lei)電機是大(da)轉矩應(ying)用的(de)(de)理(li)想之選。但是對速度不能實現控制。

8.復激有刷直(zhi)流(liu)電機這種(zhong)微電機是并(bing)激和(he)(he)串激電機的(de)結合(he)體(ti)，可(ke)產生串激和(he)(he)并(bing)激兩種(zhong)磁場。綜(zong)合(he)了并(bing)激和(he)(he)串激電機的(de)性能，它具有大(da)轉矩與的(de)速度(du)控制優勢。