步進電機和直流電機是兩種廣泛應用的驅動電機，兩種驅動電機在結構、規格、性能、輸出轉速、驅動原理以及應用領域也不一樣，下面詳細介紹兩步進電機和直流電機的驅動。

步進(jin)電(dian)機概(gai)述：步進(jin)電(dian)機又稱為(wei)脈沖電(dian)機，基(ji)于最(zui)基(ji)本(ben)的電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵原理(li)，它是一(yi)種可以(yi)自(zi)由回(hui)轉(zhuan)的電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵，其(qi)動(dong)作(zuo)原理(li)是依靠(kao)氣隙(xi)磁(ci)(ci)導(dao)的變化來產生電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)轉(zhuan)矩。

步進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)原理：步進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)通(tong)過細(xi)(xi)(xi)分(fen)(fen)驅動(dong)(dong)器的驅動(dong)(dong)，其步距角(jiao)變小了，如驅動(dong)(dong)器工作在10細(xi)(xi)(xi)分(fen)(fen)狀(zhuang)態(tai)時，其步距角(jiao)只(zhi)為電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)固有(you)步距角(jiao)的十分(fen)(fen)之一(yi)，也就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)說：當驅動(dong)(dong)器工作不在細(xi)(xi)(xi)分(fen)(fen)的整步狀(zhuang)態(tai)時，控(kong)制(zhi)系統每發一(yi)個(ge)步進脈沖，電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉動(dong)(dong)1.8°；而用細(xi)(xi)(xi)分(fen)(fen)驅動(dong)(dong)器工作在10細(xi)(xi)(xi)分(fen)(fen)狀(zhuang)態(tai)時，電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)只(zhi)轉動(dong)(dong)了0.18°，這就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)分(fen)(fen)的基本概念(nian)。細(xi)(xi)(xi)分(fen)(fen)功能(neng)完全是(shi)(shi)由驅動(dong)(dong)器靠精確(que)控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的相電(dian)流(liu)所產(chan)生，與電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)無關。

步進電(dian)機的細(xi)分(fen)(fen)技術實(shi)質上是(shi)一種電(dian)子阻尼技術，其(qi)主要目的是(shi)減弱(ruo)或消(xiao)除步進電(dian)機的低頻振動，提高電(dian)機的運轉精度(du)只是(shi)細(xi)分(fen)(fen)技術的一個附帶(dai)功能。

步進(jin)(jin)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)細(xi)分控制，從本質上講是通過(guo)對步進(jin)(jin)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)勵(li)磁繞組中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)控制，使步進(jin)(jin)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)內部的(de)(de)合成(cheng)磁場為均勻的(de)(de)圓形(xing)旋轉(zhuan)磁場，從而實現步進(jin)(jin)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)步距角的(de)(de)細(xi)分，一般情況下(xia)，合成(cheng)磁場矢量的(de)(de)幅值決定(ding)了(le)步進(jin)(jin)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)旋轉(zhuan)力(li)矩的(de)(de)大小，相鄰兩(liang)合成(cheng)磁場矢量之間的(de)(de)夾角大小決定(ding)了(le)步距角的(de)(de)大小，步進(jin)(jin)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)半步工作方式就(jiu)蘊涵了(le)細(xi)分的(de)(de)工作原理。

步進電機應用(yong)場(chang)景：步進電機根據使用(yong)需求，采用(yong)定制技術參(can)數開發(fa)服務，廣泛應用(yong)在(zai)機械設備、自動(dong)(dong)工業化、家用(yong)電器、機器人驅動(dong)(dong)、汽車(che)驅動(dong)(dong)、精(jing)密儀器、自動(dong)(dong)辦公設備等行業。

直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)概(gai)述(shu)：直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是指能(neng)(neng)(neng)將(jiang)直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)（直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)）或將(jiang)機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)（直(zhi)(zhi)流發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)）的旋轉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，是能(neng)(neng)(neng)實現直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)和機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)互相轉換(huan)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機驅動(dong)(dong)原理(li)：直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驅動(dong)(dong)原理(li)就是把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)線圈中(zhong)感(gan)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢(shi)(shi)，靠換向(xiang)器配(pei)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)換向(xiang)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，使之從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷端引(yin)出(chu)時(shi)變為直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原理(li)。感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)按右手定(ding)則確定(ding)（磁(ci)感(gan)線指(zhi)(zhi)向(xiang)手心，大拇指(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)(zhi)向(xiang)導體(ti)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方向(xiang)，其他(ta)四指(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)向(xiang)就是導體(ti)中(zhong)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)）。導體(ti)受力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)用(yong)(yong)左手定(ding)則確定(ding)。這一對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)力形成了作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)一個力矩(ju)(ju)，這個力矩(ju)(ju)在旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機里稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)，轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)是逆(ni)時(shi)針(zhen)(zhen)方向(xiang)，企圖使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)逆(ni)時(shi)針(zhen)(zhen)方向(xiang)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)。如(ru)果此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)能(neng)夠(gou)克服電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)（例如(ru)由摩擦引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)以及其它(ta)負載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)就能(neng)按逆(ni)時(shi)針(zhen)(zhen)方向(xiang)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)起來。

直流電機按照結構可分為直流有刷電機、直流無刷電機、空心杯電機，安裝了減速齒輪箱的直流電機稱為直流減速電機或者直流行星減速齒輪箱；直流電機廣泛應用機械設備、機器人、汽車驅動、辦公設備、通訊設備、紡織機械等領域。