說起步進(jin)電(dian)機，對于電(dian)氣(qi)控(kong)制行業的(de)工程師來說應該再熟悉不(bu)(bu)過(guo)了!它的(de)誤差不(bu)(bu)會(hui)長期積累，能(neng)夠實現定位，控(kong)制比伺(si)服簡單等特點，但步進(jin)電(dian)機控(kong)制的(de)前提是電(dian)機不(bu)(bu)發(fa)生失(shi)步，如(ru)何才能(neng)步進(jin)電(dian)機失(shi)步?

  步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是將電(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)轉(zhuan)變為角(jiao)位(wei)移(yi)或線位(wei)移(yi)的開(kai)環(huan)控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。在未發生失(shi)(shi)步(bu)情(qing)況(kuang)下，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的轉(zhuan)速(su)、停止的位(wei)置只取決于(yu)脈(mo)沖(chong)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)的頻率(lv)和脈(mo)沖(chong)數(shu)并不受(shou)負載變化的影響，當(dang)步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)接(jie)收到一(yi)個(ge)脈(mo)沖(chong)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)時，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)就按設定的方向(xiang)轉(zhuan)一(yi)個(ge)固定的角(jiao)度(步(bu)進角(jiao)或步(bu)距(ju)角(jiao))，通過(guo)控(kong)制脈(mo)沖(chong)數(shu)和脈(mo)沖(chong)頻率(lv)來(lai)控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)角(jiao)位(wei)移(yi)量(liang)及電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)速(su)從而(er)達到的開(kai)環(huan)控(kong)制。另外，步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)每走一(yi)步(bu)所轉(zhuan)過(guo)的角(jiao)度與理論步(bu)距(ju)之間總有一(yi)定的誤(wu)差(cha)，從某一(yi)步(bu)到一(yi)步(bu)，也總有一(yi)定的誤(wu)差(cha)，但(dan)是，步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)每轉(zhuan)一(yi)周的步(bu)數(shu)相同，在不失(shi)(shi)步(bu)的情(qing)況(kuang)下，其步(bu)距(ju)誤(wu)差(cha)不會長期累積。

快貓下載地址(zhi):上(shang)面(mian)提到的都(dou)是在(zai)不失步(bu)的情況，如何(he)才能(neng)失步(bu)呢(ni)?先我們需(xu)要(yao)知道造成電機失步(bu)的因素：

快貓下載地址:1、轉(zhuan)子加(jia)速度慢于(yu)步進電機的(de)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場(chang);

快貓下(xia)載地址:2、轉(zhuan)子的平均(jun)速(su)度(du)于(yu)定子磁(ci)場的平均(jun)旋轉(zhuan)速(su)度(du);

快貓下載地址(zhi):3、電(dian)機負(fu)載慣性較大;

快貓下載(zai)地址:4、步進電機(ji)產(chan)生(sheng)共振。

  轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)加速(su)(su)度(du)(du)慢于(yu)步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)即轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)低于(yu)換相(xiang)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)時(shi)，電(dian)機(ji)(ji)會產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)失步(bu)，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)因為輸入電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的電(dian)能不(bu)足(zu)，產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的力矩無(wu)法使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)跟上定子(zi)(zi)(zi)磁(ci)場(chang)的旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)，從而引起失步(bu)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)平均(jun)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)于(yu)定子(zi)(zi)(zi)磁(ci)場(chang)平均(jun)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)定子(zi)(zi)(zi)通(tong)電(dian)勵磁(ci)的時(shi)間(jian)較長(chang)，大于(yu)步(bu)進所需的時(shi)間(jian)，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)在步(bu)進過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)獲(huo)得(de)過(guo)多(duo)的能量，導(dao)致電(dian)機(ji)(ji)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩過(guo)大從而引起電(dian)機(ji)(ji)越(yue)步(bu)。

  以上導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)步(bu)(bu)進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)失(shi)步(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)實質(zhi)是步(bu)(bu)進傳動(dong)(dong)器(qi)選擇(ze)不當而導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)，只有選擇(ze)正確合適的(de)(de)(de)步(bu)(bu)進傳動(dong)(dong)器(qi)才(cai)能(neng)使(shi)步(bu)(bu)進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發揮其(qi)控制的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點。選擇(ze)合適的(de)(de)(de)傳動(dong)(dong)器(qi)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)根據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，配(pei)(pei)用大(da)于(yu)或等于(yu)此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)傳動(dong)(dong)器(qi)。如果需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)低振動(dong)(dong)或精度時，可(ke)配(pei)(pei)用細分型(xing)傳動(dong)(dong)器(qi)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)大(da)轉(zhuan)矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，盡可(ke)能(neng)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)型(xing)傳動(dong)(dong)器(qi)，以獲(huo)得良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)速性(xing)能(neng)。同時對(dui)(dui)于(yu)傳動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，很多人(ren)直接使(shi)用開關(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)傳動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，但是，一般好(hao)(hao)不要(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)用開關(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，特(te)別是大(da)力矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，除非選用比(bi)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)功率大(da)一倍以上的(de)(de)(de)開關(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。因(yin)為(wei)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)(zuo)時是大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)型(xing)負載(zai)，會對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)端形(xing)成(cheng)瞬間的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)。而開關(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)載(zai)性(xing)能(neng)不好(hao)(hao)，會保護關(guan)(guan)斷，且其(qi)精密的(de)(de)(de)穩壓(ya)性(xing)能(neng)又(you)不需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)，有時可(ke)能(neng)造成(cheng)開關(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)傳動(dong)(dong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)壞。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)步(bu)(bu)進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)傳動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，可(ke)以用常規的(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)或R 型(xing)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)變(bian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。 

  步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)產生共振是(shi)因為(wei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)接收的(de)(de)脈沖頻率等于步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)固有頻率，該頻率與(yu)傳動器(qi)的(de)(de)細分(fen)有關系。我們一般使用步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)時(shi)，傳動器(qi)的(de)(de)細分(fen)能力很(hen)重(zhong)要，共振范圍越小越好。對于電(dian)(dian)機(ji)負載慣性(xing)較大是(shi)由于電(dian)(dian)機(ji)超載而引起(qi)，因此在使用時(shi)只需(xu)注意不(bu)要讓電(dian)(dian)機(ji)過(guo)載即可。