簡單的說：同步和異步電機均屬交流動力電機,是(shi)靠交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而(er)(er)(er)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動.異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)定(ding)(ding)子送入(ru)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),產(chan)生(sheng)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang),而(er)(er)(er)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子受感應(ying)而(er)(er)(er)產(chan)生(sheng)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang),這樣兩磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)作用,使(shi)得轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子跟(gen)著定(ding)(ding)子的旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)而(er)(er)(er)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動.其中(zhong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子比定(ding)(ding)子旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)慢,有(you)個(ge)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)差,不(bu)同(tong)步(bu)所以稱為異步(bu)機(ji)。而(er)(er)(er)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)定(ding)(ding)子同(tong)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji),其轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子是(shi)人(ren)為加入(ru)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)形成(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)變磁(ci)(ci)場(chang),這樣轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子就跟(gen)著定(ding)(ding)子旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)一起轉(zhuan)(zhuan)而(er)(er)(er)同(tong)步(bu),始稱同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji).異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)簡(jian)單,成(cheng)(cheng)本低(di).易于安裝,使(shi)用和(he)維護.所以受到(dao)使(shi)用.缺點效率(lv)低(di),功率(lv)因(yin)數低(di)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網不(bu)利.而(er)(er)(er)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率(lv)是(shi)容性負載,可改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網功率(lv)因(yin)數.多用工礦大型(xing)沒備。

1、結構：同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的定子繞(rao)組是相(xiang)同(tong)的，主(zhu)要(yao)區別(bie)在于轉子的結構。同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的轉子上有(you)直流勵磁繞(rao)組，所以(yi)需要(yao)外加勵磁電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，通過滑(hua)環引入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流；而異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的轉子是短路(lu)的繞(rao)組，靠電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感(gan)應(ying)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。相(xiang)比之(zhi)下(xia)，同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)較復雜，造價(jia)高(gao)。

2、用途：同步電機大多用在大型發電機的場合。而異步電機則幾乎(hu)全用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)場合。同步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)以通過(guo)勵(li)磁靈(ling)活(huo)調(diao)節(jie)輸入側的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流相(xiang)位，即(ji)功(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數(shu)；異步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的功(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數(shu)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)調(diao)，因(yin)此在(zai)一些大的工廠，異步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)用較多時，可(ke)(ke)附加(jia)一臺同步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)做調(diao)相(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)用，用來調(diao)節(jie)工廠與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網接口處(chu)的功(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數(shu)。但是(shi)，由于同步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)造價高，維護工作量大，現在(zai)一般都(dou)采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)補償功(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數(shu)。另外，一些早期采用晶閘(zha)管的變頻器，由于器件沒有自關斷能力，需要依(yi)靠負載換(huan)流，這時需要用到(dao)同步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

3、效能(neng)：同步電機(ji)效率(lv)較(jiao)(jiao)異步電機(ji)稍，一般要(yao)(yao)考慮是否選(xuan)用同步電機(ji)。但是，同步機(ji)因為有勵磁繞(rao)組和(he)滑(hua)環，需要(yao)(yao)操作(zuo)工人(ren)有較(jiao)(jiao)的(de)水平來(lai)控制勵磁，另外，比(bi)起(qi)異步電機(ji)的(de)免維(wei)護來(lai)，維(wei)護工作(zuo)量較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)；所以，現(xian)在大(da)多選(xuan)擇(ze)異步電機(ji)。在功率(lv)較(jiao)(jiao)小時(shi)，效率(lv)的(de)差別已經(jing)變(bian)得(de)微不足道了。

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